Quantitative Research
Table of Contents
Research
- attemps to seek answers to questions.
- draw conclusions from data.
- generalizes conclusions.
- contribute to existing body of knowledge on a particular field.
- improves our understanding of the world.
Processes
- Identification of the problem
- Definition of the problem
- Documentation of related literatures and studies
- Development of a technique to gather data.
- Collection of data
- Analysis of data
- Interpretation of data
- Draw conclusion
- Documentation of sources
- Defense of the Topic
Definition
- form of study that provides explanation about a certain event/occurrence by gathering and examining facts through the use of mathematical tools.
- to show relationships between quantities or magnitudes shown by numbers of symbols.
- involves measurements and quantities.
- it is expressed numerically.
- Numerical indicates the exact expression of information through the use of figures and quantities
- using this type of data in research denotes specificity, particularity, or exactness.
Characteristics
- Objectiveness
- Scientific
Large Sample Size
- to obtain a more accurate result, the data must come from a large sample size.
Objective
"Numbers don't lie"
- Data gathering and analysis of data are done accurately, objectively, and unaffected by the researcher's intuition, emotion, and guesses.
Visual Result
- Data is numerical, which makes presentation through graphs charts, and tables possible and for better conveyance and interpretation.
Faster Data Analysis
- Unlike qualitative research, dealing with numbers are much faster and easier.
- The use of a statistical tools give way for a less time-consuming data analysis.
Generalized Data
#TODO: go back here to link sampling later.
- Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly.
Fast Data Collection
- Quantitative Research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently.
Reliable Data
- Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the population.
Replication
- Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity.
Kinds of Design
Experimental Design
- quantitative research design that bases its research method on an experiment.
- in which a test or examination of a thing under a manipulated or controlled environment is done to determine the validity of a thing.
- involves two groups of subjects:
- Experimental group: in which the condition, treatment, or intervention is applied.
- Control group: not given any treatment.
Quasi Experimental
- also called Causal comparative.
- has cause and effect relationship of variables.
- lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects.
- Gay (1996) considers this design as descriptive, for it describes existing conditions.
- more structured manipulation of independent variables.
- often used when true experiments are not feasible due to ethical or practical constraints.
- the term quasi means partly, partially, pseudo or almost.
"The effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas."
True Experimental
- a more robust design and has more conclusive result than Quasi Experimental.
- the researcher is authorized to control the situation and manipulates the independent variable to detect its influence on the dependent variable.
- Bryman (2008) In social science, many IVs cannot be manipulated.
- it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulation.
"A comparison of the effects of various blended learning to the reading comprehension of elementary pupils."
Non-experimental Design
- quantitative research design that is capable of giving both of qualitative and quantitative data but more qualitative data.
- often used in social sciences.
- it does not have the capability to control variables.
- instead, it involves variables the way they naturally exist on Earth.
Descriptive
- used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it.
- No experimental manipulation and the research does not start with a hypothesis.
- Anastas (1999) this research answers the questions (What, Where, When, Who, and How).
but not why.- Melegrito and Mendoza (2016, 23) These questions are linked to the research questions.
- It does not answer "why" because we dont consider the explanation why certain things happen.
- the goal of this design is to only describe the person or the object of the study.
Ex: "The determination of the different kinds of physical activities and how often high school students do it during the quarantine period."
Comparative
- states the difference or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc.
Correlational
- identifies the relationship between variables.
- data is collected by observation.
- it does not consider the cause and effect.
- it is based on pairs of measures or scores of a single sample.
- Melegrito and Mendoza (2016, 24-25) indicates the strengths of a relationship between two variables.
- No experimental manipulation.
"The relationship of teenagers' sense of humor with positive psychological capacity."
Ex Post Facto
- investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions.
- The term "Ex Post Facto", means after the fact.
- it looks at the possible causes of an already occuring phenomenon.
- No experimental manipulation.
"How does the parent's academic achievement affect the children obesity?"
Survey
- Bryman (2016)
- intended to acquire information from people.
- aims to gather data concerning the predominance, distribution, and interrelations of the variables within a group.
- aims to gather evidence of people's knowledge, opinions, attitudes, and values.